The four Cs of conversational interface CX

chatbots, customer experience / By


Conversational interfaces, like chatbots and voice assistants, have received plenty of hype within the marketing world for their potential to make interacting with a brand or device more personal, quick and convenient.

After all, conversation is the primary way that humans interact with one another – why shouldn’t it also be the way that we interact with our devices and services?

Yet in practice, these interfaces often fail to live up to expectations. According to data from Alpine.AI, just 6% of users who download voice-first applications (including Alexa Skills and Google Home Actions) will be actively using them by the second week.

Often, conversational interfaces aren’t flexible enough to accommodate variations in user requests, resulting in frustrating error messages. At other times, they might try to seem human, but aren’t personable or engaging to interact with. Sometimes, they just plain don’t understand the question.

A marketer’s guide to chatbots

Purna Virji, Senior Manager of Global Engagement at Microsoft, argued in a presentation at Brighton SEO that for people to truly adopt conversational interfaces, the user experience needs to be better than any other existing options.

Laziness is embedded in our nature – we all have a lot more “Homer Simpson” in us than we like to admit. She quoted Nobel prize-winning Israeli-American psychologist Daniel Kahneman, who said that, “If there are several ways of achieving the same goal, people will eventually gravitate to the least demanding course of action.”

In many scenarios, being able to pose a single question to an app or website would be much quicker and easier than performing multiple searches for information – but although apps and websites contain all the necessary information, they’re unable to present it in a convenient way.

However, the challenges and pitfalls of conversational interfaces shouldn’t put brands off trying to create them. Virji emphasised that conversational interfaces aren’t competing against a perfect system: the user interfaces of apps and websites are filled with flaws.

In her presentation, Virji laid out a set of principles for building more effective conversational interfaces which she dubs the ‘four Cs of CX’ – Clarity, Character, Compassion, and Correction – together with practical tips for incorporating these principles into your chatbot or voice assistant.

Here are four principles for building a conversational interface that works.

Clarity: Streamline the options

Virji explained that two theoretical systems govern how we make choices: fast, emotional and intuitive (in keeping with the Simpsons theme, Virji dubbed this the “Homer stage”) and logical, deliberate and slower (or the “Lisa stage”).

In order to maximise customer conversions, interface designers want to make sure that customers stay in their “Homer stage”, where everything is frictionless, intuitive and easy. Once they shift into their “Lisa stage” and start to slow down and reason, scepticism and negativity creeps in.

By introducing clarity to your conversational interface, Virji advised that you can ensure customers spend less time trying to figure out what you mean, and more time doing the things they want. You should present clear choices and pose concise questions.

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For example, rather than asking the user an open-ended question (“What would you like to do?”), prompting indecision and making them pause, you should give them three options to choose from (“Would you like to do A, B, or C?”).

If it isn’t possible to narrow the user’s response down to a list of options, you can pose an open-ended question and then give an example of a response, which helps the user know how to phrase their reply to get the intended result. An airline chatbot might ask, “Where are you flying from and to? For example, London to New York”.

To plan out these interactions, Virji recommended writing sample dialogues and roleplaying conversations before you start coding your bot or voice agent. By doing this, you can clarify where you expect an interaction to go, normalise your bot’s responses, and understand where customers might encounter sticking points.

Character: Add a personality

What kind of character does your bot have? Virji noted that people prefer a virtual agent with an easy-to-perceive personality. All voices have a persona, whether we intend them to or not – therefore, by deliberately building a character into your interface, you can control what persona the user perceives, and make it memorable and interesting.

The personality that your bot should have depends heavily on what its purpose is – and also what your brand persona is. A funny, irreverent bot will certainly be memorable, but it may be for the wrong reasons if it jars with the tone that people have come to expect from your brand.

Virji also offered a word of warning about giving your bot a personality: don’t try to trick consumers into thinking that they’re interacting with a human being. A bot can have personality without needing to sound human, and it should be clear who or what your consumers are interacting with.

After the talk, María Hardie followed up with a query on Twitter about whether bots’ personalities need to bear in mind cultural differences, and Virji responded with some useful advice:

“If it makes sense, and the rest of the brand’s tone and voice is customized per region, then voice personality should follow too. It should always keep in mind local parlance (e.g. zip vs pin code).”

She went on:

“Take your clues from the alerts your app sends. How do you phrase things differently now? If you do make changes, then carry them forward to voice. Take what’s proven to work already and make it conversational – then you can tweak and finesse.”

Compassion: Give your bot a heart

Though your bot might be little more than a set of automated responses, it’s still possible to build in some empathy. For instance, when interacting with a banking bot, if a user tries to carry out a transaction that would take them into their overdraft, their bot should warn them about it – in much the same way that a human would. Users will appreciate this kind of consideration.

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Another way to give your conversational interface some heart is through incorporating small-talk. People love to make chit-chat, said Virji – but bots typically struggle with it.

Designers should build in “small-talk scenarios”: responses to common, trivial questions that help to avoid the dreaded “Sorry, I don’t understand” dead end. (More on avoiding that dead end in the next section).

This can be incorporated into the roleplaying and scripting stage mentioned in the first section – and is a great opportunity to showcase your bot’s character.

Incorporating jokes or responses to trivial questions into your conversational interface might seem like a waste of time – but people will inevitably try asking a bot silly questions, and are always delighted when they get a response. Just Google “Siri jokes” or “Siri Easter Egg” to read the assessments of the many quirky responses that Apple has programmed into its signature voice assistant over the years.

Image by The Daily Telegraph

Correction: Get back on track

Every chatbot or voice assistant has a default response programmed in for when they don’t know how to respond – usually something along the lines of “Sorry, I don’t understand” or “Sorry, I’m afraid I don’t know the answer to that”.

However, people don’t like it when a bot keeps saying sorry – it feels very repetitive, and is also a conversational dead end. Virji gave some tips in her presentation on how to keep the apologies from your bot to a minimum.

One way to avoid “Sorry, I don’t understand” is to offer alternatives. Instead of shutting down the conversation, keep it moving. So, if a customer of your pizza chain orders a “Meat feast” and you don’t offer that topping, your bot can say, “I’m sorry, we don’t have that type of pizza. Would you like to order a pepperoni pizza instead?”

Or, if your bot misunderstands the user, you can programme it to course-correct: confirm that it made a mistake, and move the interaction forward.

For example, a user of your voice app might be searching for “Flights to New York”, but your agent hears “Flights to Newark”. When the user repeats, “Flights to New York!” in frustration, your bot can respond with, “Flights to New York, got it. When would you like to fly?”

Overall, said Virji, these are all things that we know how to do, and in a human conversation, we do them naturally. The secret to creating an effective conversational interface is just to be conscious of them, and build them in.





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